/* ==========================================================================
   Stanford Journal of International Affairs — design system
   Plain CSS, no preprocessor, no framework. Organized top to bottom:
   1. Custom properties (colors, type, spacing)
   2. Reset + base element styles
   3. Layout helpers
   4. Header / nav
   5. Buttons + kickers + shared editorial bits
   6. Homepage sections (hero, grids, bands)
   7. Footer
   8. Responsive
   ========================================================================== */

:root {
  /* Color */
  --color-cardinal: #8c1515;
  --color-cardinal-dark: #6c1010;
  --color-ink: #1a1a1a;
  --color-ink-soft: #4a4642;
  --color-paper: #faf8f5;
  --color-paper-alt: #f1ece3;
  --color-line: #e0d9cc;
  --color-white: #ffffff;

  /* Type */
  --font-display: "Playfair Display", Georgia, serif;
  --font-body: "Source Serif 4", Georgia, serif;
  --font-ui: "Inter", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, sans-serif;

  /* Spacing scale */
  --space-1: 0.5rem;
  --space-2: 1rem;
  --space-3: 1.5rem;
  --space-4: 2.5rem;
  --space-5: 4rem;
  --space-6: 6.5rem;

  --wrap-width: 1180px;
}

/* ---- Reset ---- */
*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }
* { margin: 0; }
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; }
body { min-height: 100svh; }
img, picture, svg { display: block; max-width: 100%; }
a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
ul, ol { list-style: none; padding: 0; }
button { font: inherit; color: inherit; background: none; border: none; cursor: pointer; }
input, textarea, select { font: inherit; }

.sr-only {
  position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding: 0; margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0,0,0,0); white-space: nowrap; border: 0;
}
.skip-link {
  position: absolute; left: -999px; top: 0; z-index: 100;
  background: var(--color-cardinal); color: var(--color-white);
  padding: var(--space-1) var(--space-2); font-family: var(--font-ui);
}
.skip-link:focus { left: var(--space-2); top: var(--space-2); }

/* ---- Base ---- */
body {
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  color: var(--color-ink);
  background: var(--color-paper);
  line-height: 1.55;
  font-size: 1.05rem;
}

h1, h2, h3, h4 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.12;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  color: var(--color-ink);
}

p { max-width: 62ch; }

a:focus-visible, button:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--color-cardinal);
  outline-offset: 3px;
}

/* ---- Layout helpers ---- */
.wrap {
  max-width: var(--wrap-width);
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding-inline: var(--space-3);
}

.section { padding-block: var(--space-5); }
.section--tight { padding-block: var(--space-4); }

.section-head {
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: var(--space-2);
  margin-bottom: var(--space-3);
  padding-bottom: var(--space-2);
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--color-ink);
}

.section-head h2 {
  font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 1.1rem + 1vw, 1.9rem);
}

.section-head__link {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  white-space: nowrap;
  border-bottom: 1px solid currentColor;
  padding-bottom: 2px;
}
.section-head__link:hover { color: var(--color-cardinal); }

.kicker {
  display: inline-block;
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.09em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-cardinal);
}

.byline {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-soft);
}

/* ---- Buttons ---- */
.btn {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.5em;
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  padding: 0.85em 1.6em;
  border: 1.5px solid var(--color-ink);
  transition: background-color .15s ease, color .15s ease, border-color .15s ease;
}
.btn--solid {
  background: var(--color-cardinal);
  border-color: var(--color-cardinal);
  color: var(--color-white);
}
.btn--solid:hover { background: var(--color-cardinal-dark); border-color: var(--color-cardinal-dark); }
.btn--outline:hover { background: var(--color-ink); color: var(--color-white); }
.btn--outline-invert {
  border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.55);
  color: var(--color-white);
}
.btn--outline-invert:hover { background: var(--color-white); color: var(--color-ink); }

.text-link {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  border-bottom: 1px solid currentColor;
  padding-bottom: 1px;
}
.text-link:hover { color: var(--color-cardinal); }

/* ---- Header ---- */
.site-header {
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-line);
  background: var(--color-paper);
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 50;
}

.site-header__row {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  padding-block: var(--space-2);
  gap: var(--space-3);
}

.wordmark { display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center; gap: 12px; line-height: 1; }
.wordmark__mark {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
  color: var(--color-ink);
}
.wordmark__logo { height: 40px; width: auto; flex-shrink: 0; }
.wordmark__full {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.62rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.07em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-ink-soft);
  max-width: 12em;
}

.primary-nav ul { display: flex; gap: var(--space-3); flex-wrap: wrap; }
.primary-nav a {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.88rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
  position: relative;
  padding-block: 4px;
}
.primary-nav a::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 0; right: 0; bottom: -3px;
  height: 2px;
  background: var(--color-cardinal);
  transform: scaleX(0);
  transform-origin: left;
  transition: transform .15s ease;
}
.primary-nav a:hover::after,
.primary-nav a[aria-current="page"]::after { transform: scaleX(1); }

.nav-toggle {
  display: none;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 5px;
  padding: 8px;
}
.nav-toggle__bar {
  width: 22px; height: 2px; background: var(--color-ink); display: block;
}

/* ---- Homepage hero: low-orbit horizon globe ---- */
.orbit-hero {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  height: min(640px, 72vh);
  background: linear-gradient(165deg, #4d0b0b 0%, #8c1515 60%, #620e0e 100%);
}
.orbit-hero__globe {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
}
.orbit-hero__content {
  position: relative;
  max-width: 760px;
  padding: 88px 24px 0 64px;
}
.orbit-hero__kicker {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 12.5px;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: #e8b9b4;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}
.orbit-hero__headline {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 58px;
  line-height: 1.08;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
  color: var(--color-paper);
  margin: 0;
}
.orbit-hero__tagline {
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 19px;
  color: rgba(250, 248, 245, 0.85);
  margin-top: 20px;
  max-width: 44ch;
}

/* ---- Homepage intro / who-we-are split ---- */
.intro-split__grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1.1fr 1fr;
  gap: var(--space-5);
  align-items: center;
}
.intro-split__text h2 {
  font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 1.3rem + 1.3vw, 2.3rem);
  margin-block: 0.6rem 1rem;
}
.intro-split__text p { max-width: 46ch; margin-bottom: var(--space-3); }
.intro-split__buttons { display: flex; gap: 1rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }

.intro-split__visual {
  position: relative;
  background: var(--color-paper-alt);
  padding: var(--space-5) var(--space-4);
  min-height: 260px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
}
.intro-split__quotemark {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0.2rem;
  left: var(--space-3);
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-size: 6rem;
  color: var(--color-cardinal);
  opacity: 0.25;
  line-height: 1;
}
.intro-split__visual blockquote {
  position: relative;
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 500;
  font-size: clamp(1.2rem, 1rem + 1vw, 1.6rem);
  line-height: 1.4;
  color: var(--color-ink);
  max-width: 32ch;
}

/* ---- Masthead (names only, no photos) ---- */
.masthead-section-title { color: var(--color-cardinal); }
.masthead-list {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(220px, 1fr));
  column-gap: var(--space-3);
  row-gap: 0;
  max-width: 900px;
}
.masthead-list li {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  color: var(--color-ink);
  padding-block: 0.7rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-line);
}

/* ---- Combined-issue volume (cover + table of contents) ---- */
.volume-issue {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(220px, 300px) 1fr;
  gap: var(--space-5);
  align-items: start;
}
.volume-issue__cover {
  display: block;
  box-shadow: 0 24px 48px -24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
  transition: transform 0.2s ease;
}
.volume-issue__cover:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); }
.volume-issue__cover img { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }

.volume-issue__toc ol {
  list-style: decimal;
  padding-left: 1.4em;
  margin-bottom: var(--space-3);
}
.volume-issue__toc li {
  padding-block: 0.7rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-line);
}
.volume-issue__toc li:first-child { padding-top: 0; }
.volume-issue__toc a:hover .volume-issue__toc-title { color: var(--color-cardinal); }
.volume-issue__toc-title {
  display: block;
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--color-ink);
}
.volume-issue__toc-byline {
  display: block;
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-soft);
  margin-top: 0.2rem;
}

/* ---- Article card grid ---- */
.card-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
  gap: var(--space-4) var(--space-3);
}
.card-grid--2 { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }

.card { display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
.card__image {
  aspect-ratio: 3 / 2;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--color-paper-alt);
  margin-bottom: var(--space-2);
}
.card__image img {
  width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover;
  transition: transform .35s ease;
}
.card:hover .card__image img { transform: scale(1.04); }
.card h3 {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  margin-block: 0.5rem 0.4rem;
}
.card h3 a:hover { color: var(--color-cardinal); }
.card .dek {
  color: var(--color-ink-soft);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  margin-top: 0.4rem;
}

/* ---- Op-ed cards (blog style) ---- */
.oped-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
  gap: var(--space-4) var(--space-3);
}
.oped-card {
  background: var(--color-white);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-line);
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  height: 100%;
  transition: box-shadow .2s ease, transform .2s ease;
}
.oped-card:hover { box-shadow: 0 14px 28px -18px rgba(26,26,26,.35); transform: translateY(-2px); }
.oped-card__image { aspect-ratio: 16/10; overflow: hidden; background: var(--color-paper-alt); }
.oped-card__image img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; }
.oped-card__body { padding: var(--space-3); display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.5rem; flex: 1; }
.oped-card__meta { font-family: var(--font-ui); font-size: 0.78rem; color: var(--color-ink-soft); }
.oped-card h3 { font-size: 1.15rem; }
.oped-card h3 a:hover { color: var(--color-cardinal); }
.oped-card .dek { color: var(--color-ink-soft); font-size: 0.93rem; flex: 1; }
.oped-card .text-link { align-self: flex-start; margin-top: 0.25rem; }

/* ---- Bands ---- */
.band {
  background: var(--color-cardinal);
  color: var(--color-white);
  padding-block: var(--space-4);
}
.band__grid {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: var(--space-3);
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.band h2 { color: var(--color-white); font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 1.1rem + 1vw, 2rem); }
.band p { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85); max-width: 55ch; }

/* ---- Footer ---- */
.site-footer {
  background: var(--color-ink);
  color: rgba(255,255,255,0.82);
  margin-top: var(--space-5);
}
.site-footer__grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1.4fr 1fr 1fr;
  gap: var(--space-4);
  padding-block: var(--space-5) var(--space-4);
}
.site-footer .wordmark__mark { color: var(--color-white); }
.site-footer__about p { margin-top: var(--space-2); font-size: 0.92rem; }
.site-footer__address { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.55); }

.site-footer__nav ul { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.6rem; }
.site-footer__nav a { font-family: var(--font-ui); font-size: 0.9rem; }
.site-footer__nav a:hover { color: var(--color-white); }

.site-footer__cta { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; gap: var(--space-2); }
.site-footer__cta-buttons { display: flex; gap: 0.75rem; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.site-footer__social { display: flex; gap: var(--space-2); font-family: var(--font-ui); font-size: 0.85rem; }
.site-footer__social a:hover { color: var(--color-white); }

.site-footer__bottom {
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);
  padding-block: var(--space-2);
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  color: rgba(255,255,255,0.55);
}

/* ---- Single op-ed article page ---- */
.oped-article__wrap {
  max-width: 760px;
  padding-block: var(--space-4) var(--space-5);
}
.oped-article__title {
  font-size: clamp(1.9rem, 1.5rem + 1.8vw, 2.7rem);
  margin-block: 0.5rem 0.75rem;
}
.oped-article__byline { margin-bottom: var(--space-3); }
.oped-article__image {
  aspect-ratio: 16/9;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--color-paper-alt);
  margin-bottom: var(--space-4);
}
.oped-article__image img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; }

.oped-article__body { font-size: 1.12rem; }
.oped-article__body p { max-width: none; margin-bottom: 1.3em; }
.oped-article__body a { color: var(--color-cardinal); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(140,21,21,0.35); }
.oped-article__body a:hover { border-bottom-color: var(--color-cardinal); }
.oped-article__footer { margin-top: var(--space-4); padding-top: var(--space-3); border-top: 1px solid var(--color-line); }

.oped-article__body .footnotes {
  margin-top: var(--space-4);
  padding-top: var(--space-3);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-line);
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-soft);
}
.oped-article__body .footnotes ol { list-style: decimal; padding-left: 1.3em; }
.oped-article__body .footnotes li { margin-bottom: 0.6em; }
.oped-article__body .footnote-ref { font-size: 0.75em; }
.oped-article__body .footnote-backref { text-decoration: none; margin-left: 0.3em; }

/* ---- Contact form ---- */
.contact-form { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: var(--space-3); max-width: 560px; }
.contact-form__field { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.5rem; }
.contact-form__field label {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-ink-soft);
}
.contact-form__field input,
.contact-form__field textarea {
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-size: 1rem;
  color: var(--color-ink);
  background: var(--color-white);
  border: 1.5px solid var(--color-line);
  padding: 0.75em 0.9em;
  resize: vertical;
}
.contact-form__field input:focus,
.contact-form__field textarea:focus {
  outline: none;
  border-color: var(--color-cardinal);
}
.contact-form .btn { align-self: flex-start; }

/* ---- Responsive ---- */
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .intro-split__grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .card-grid, .oped-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
  .site-footer__grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
  .site-footer__about { grid-column: 1 / -1; }

  .orbit-hero__content { padding: 48px 24px 0 28px; }
  .orbit-hero__headline { font-size: 40px; }
  .orbit-hero__kicker { font-size: 11px; }

  .volume-issue { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .volume-issue__cover { max-width: 280px; }
}

@media (max-width: 700px) {
  .nav-toggle { display: flex; }
  .primary-nav {
    display: none;
    position: absolute;
    left: 0; right: 0; top: 100%;
    background: var(--color-paper);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-line);
    padding: var(--space-2) var(--space-3) var(--space-3);
  }
  .primary-nav.is-open { display: block; }
  .primary-nav ul { flex-direction: column; gap: var(--space-2); }

  .card-grid, .oped-grid, .card-grid--2 { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .site-footer__grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .intro-split__visual { padding: var(--space-4) var(--space-3); }
  .section { padding-block: var(--space-4); }
}